Which propagation paths of sound in the ocean are commonly recognized?

The propagation paths of sound in the ocean that are commonly recognized include the direct path, bottom bounce, and sound channel.

The direct path refers to sound traveling in a straight line from the source to the receiver without being significantly refracted or reflected. This is often the most straightforward method of sound transmission, particularly at shorter distances.

Bottom bounce involves sound waves reflecting off the ocean floor. This method is used in naval applications and underwater acoustics, as it can extend the range of sound transmission and is especially useful when trying to detect submarines or other underwater objects.

The sound channel, also known as the SOfar channel (Sound Fixing and Ranging), is a unique layer in the ocean where sound waves can travel over long distances with minimal loss of energy. This layer occurs due to the combination of temperature, pressure, and salinity, which create a phenomenon where sound waves can be trapped and refracted.

Together, these three paths are essential for understanding how sound travels underwater and are crucial in various applications such as sonar technology, marine biology, and naval operations.