What is the definition of cyber warfare?

The definition of cyber warfare centers on the use of digital attacks by one nation to target and disrupt the essential computer systems and networks of another nation. This can involve a variety of techniques, including hacking into critical infrastructure, stealing sensitive data, or deploying malware to incapacitate systems. The emphasis is on how these cyber operations can achieve strategic objectives, such as undermining national security, causing economic damage, or destabilizing government functions without the need for traditional physical warfare.

Cyber warfare is a key aspect of modern conflict because it operates in the digital domain, allowing states to exert influence or conduct operations while potentially avoiding the immediate visibility and repercussions of conventional military actions. By focusing on systems crucial to the functioning of a nation—such as power grids, financial institutions, and communication networks—cyber warfare presents unique challenges to defense and national security.

The other options, while relevant to different aspects of international relations and military strategy, do not accurately encompass the specific nature of cyber warfare as a form of conflict that occurs within the digital arena.